An annotated collection of Czech translations of originally English-language essays by Jaroslav Průšek (1906-1980), Milena Doleželová-Velingerová (1932-2012) and Zbigniew Słupski (1934), the founder of the Prague School of Sinology and two of his disciples, discusses variety of issues related to the profound transformation Chinese literature has undergone on its tortuous path to modernity. Jaroslav Průšek's articles "Lu Hsün's 'Huai Chiu': A Precursor of Modern Chinese Literature" and "Yeh Sheng' t'ao and Anton Chekhov" represent one of the most inspiring results of scholarly output of the Prague school of Sinology in the late 1960s. Essays "Lu Xun's Medicine" and "An Early Chinese Confessional Prose: Shen Fu's Six Chapters of a Floating Life" by Milena Doleželová-Velingerová, and "Modern Chinese Short Story and its Origins" by Zbigniew Słupski exemplify scholarly achievements of the Prague school of Sinology outside Czechoslovakia during 1970s-1980s. The collection is accompanied by an article on the achievements of the Prague school of Sinology and its historical background by Olga Lomová, and by a study outlining a methodological closeness between the Prague school of Sinology and Czech literary Structuralism by Dušan Andrš.